Experimental vs. FEM-Based Evaluation of Steel and GFRP Reinforced Slabs Incorporating Sustainable Materials

Abstract

Introduction: The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has led to the integration of alternatives like M-sand and Alccofine into reinforced concrete slabs. This study explores the structural performance of slabs reinforced with steel and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP), aiming to enhance durability and sustainability while addressing the unique mechanical properties of both reinforcement types.

Objectives: The primary objectives of this study are to compare the structural behaviour of slabs reinforced with steel and GFRP under loading. Investigate the effects of incorporating M-sand and Alccofine on load-bearing capacity, deflection, and energy absorption. Validate finite element method (FEM) simulations against experimental data to assess predictive accuracy. Evaluate the potential of FEM for preliminary structural assessments and design optimization.

Methods: Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate load-bearing capacity, deflection, and energy absorption of slabs. A finite element model was developed in ANSYS to simulate load-deflection behaviour, stress distribution, and crack patterns. Experimental and FEM results were compared through statistical analysis, using ratios of experimental-to-FEM values and root mean square error (RMSE) to determine accuracy.

Results: Steel-reinforced slabs exhibited superior energy absorption and ductility due to steel's plastic deformation capabilities. GFRP-reinforced slabs, when paired with Alccofine and increased reinforcement ratios, showed significant performance improvement. The FEM model demonstrated an experimental-to-FEM load ratio of 1.14–1.27 and a deflection ratio of 1.09–1.36, indicating reasonable predictive accuracy despite slight underestimations, particularly in post-cracking responses.

Conclusions: This study highlights the effectiveness of FEM in structural analysis, particularly for preliminary assessments. While steel reinforcement offers superior ductility, GFRP reinforcement combined with sustainable materials like M-sand and Alccofine enhances performance, making it a viable alternative for specific structural applications. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing composite slab designs, promoting sustainability and efficiency in construction practices.