Blockchain Enabled Biometric Watermarking with Embedding, Extraction and Robust Authentication under Attacks

Abstract

This work improves biometric security by combining iris and fingerprint features to create a unique watermark. Unlike traditional storage, the watermark hash is stored on a blockchain for tamper-proof protection. An audit trail records all registration and authentication attempts, ensuring transparency. The system is tested against attacks like noise, compression, rotation, and blurring, with tolerance-based verification to handle minor errors. Finally, multi-user testing shows that the method is secure, reliable, and resistant to tampering