Dynamic Intereaction Analysis between Hybrid Suspension and Burckhardt Tire Characterization on Lateral Stability Limit a 1.25-Ton Commercial Truck

Abstract

This study investigates the lateral stability limits of a 1.25-ton   commercial truck equipped with a hybrid suspension system, in which the front axle uses a mechanical suspension and the rear axle uses a pneumatic suspension. A spatial multibody dynamic model is combined with the Burckhardt tire model to describe road-dependent tire friction characteristics. The vehicle is simulated under a J-turn maneuver to examine the effects of vehicle speed, road adhesion, and axle-dependent load transfer on rollover and side-slip tendencies. The stability response is evaluated using lateral acceleration, roll angle, load transfer ratio LTR, and maximum combined tire friction utilization. The results show that, on dry asphalt, vehicle speed strongly increases rollover risk: the truck remains stable at 30 km/h, reaches a rollover warning state at 40 km/h with LTRmax = 0.922, and experiences wheel lift-off from 50 km/h. At 60 km/h, rollover and tire friction saturation occur simultaneously. On wet gravel and ice, LTR remains below the rollover warning threshold, while tire friction utilization reaches unity, indicating side-slip dominance. The hybrid suspension also causes uneven axle load transfer, with higher LTR at the front axle. The findings provide a basis for defining rollover-side-slip warning thresholds.