Transforming Cancer Studies: State-of-the-Art Technologies for 3D Tumor Spheroid Development and Analysis

Abstract

Unlike 2D cell culture models, 3D spheroids can more closely resemble the spatial architecture, physiological reactions, release of soluble mediators, patterns of gene expression and medicine resistance pathways of solid tumours. Because of these distinctive qualities, 3D cellular aggregates have the potential to be exploited as small- and large-scale in vitro models for testing new anticancer treatments.

Many techniques used to create 3D tumour spheroids are highlighted in the first section, including scaffold-based methods, hanging drop techniques, and microfluidic systems. Each technique is discussed in terms of its advantages, limitations, and suitability for different applications. Additionally, the incorporation of bioengineered scaffolds, extracellular matrix components, and stromal cells into 3D tumor spheroids is explored for enhanced biomimicry and recapitulation of the tumor microenvironment.

The second section explains the characterization techniques used to assess the physiological and molecular properties of 3D tumor spheroids. These include imaging modalities such as confocal microscopy, multiphoton microscopy, and high-content screening, which enable the visualization and analysis of spheroid morphology, viability, proliferation, and drug response.In the final section, the paper discusses the promising applications of 3D tumor spheroids in research related to cancer and drug development. The potential of 3D tumor spheroids to overcome the gap between traditional in vitro cell culture models and in vivo animal studies is also emphasized.Overall, this review showcases the emerging technologies that have propelled the field of 3D tumor spheroid research, enabling more physiologically relevant models for studying cancer biology and therapeutic interventions. The comprehensive understanding of 3D tumor spheroid development, characterization techniques, and promising applications discussed herein will undoubtedly contribute to advancing cancer research and improving patient outcomes in the future.