A Stochastic Model for Three Parameter Generalized Pareto Distribution Using Three Sources

Abstract

Oral, lung, and stomach cancers are three prevalent and significant malignancies with distinct characteristics, aetiologies, and consequences. Oral cancer primarily affects the oral cavity, including the lips, tongue, gums, and lining of the mouth, and is associated with risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol use, as well as human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Lung cancer originates in the lung tissues and is mainly linked to tobacco smoking, although exposure to environmental pollutants and genetic factors also contribute to its development. Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, arises from the cells lining the stomach and is influenced by factors such as Helicobacter pylori infection, diet, and genetic predisposition. Metastasis, the spread of cancer cells, is a common occurrence in advanced stages, leading to further complications and poorer prognoses. Genetic mutations, alterations in gene expression, and dysregulation of signalling pathways play essential roles in the initiation and progression of these malignancies. TP53 mutations are frequently observed in all three cancers, while EGFR mutations are prevalent in lung cancer, and CDH1 mutations are found in stomach cancer. Efforts towards early detection, prevention, and personalized treatment strategies are of utmost importance to improve outcomes for patients with oral, lung, and stomach cancers.